Design & Development of e-governance Model

Abstract

Hi tech Information and communication technologies can make a significant contribution to the achievement of good governance goals. The main aim of the research work is to design the e-governance model for improving and strengthening government processes (e-administration), connecting citizens (e-citizens and e-services), and building external interactions (e-society). Web enabled network technology provide a wonderful opportunity to implement e-governance model in web environment. e-government is a form of e-business in governance and refers to the processes and structures pertinent to the delivery of electronic services to the public (citizens and businesses). The network is fiber-based, and the software architecture is 3-tier browser-based.

Keywords: G2C (Government to Citizen)), G2G (Government to Government), G2B (Government to Business)

Introduction

In e-governance all interaction with government can be done through one counter 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, without waiting in lines. In the near future this will be possible if governments are willing to decentralise responsibilities and processes, and if they start to use electronic means such as the Internet. Each citizen can then contact the government through a website where all forms, legislation, news and other information will be available. e-governance define application  of electronic means in

•  the interaction between government and citizens and government and businesses, as well as

•  internal government operations

The spread of information and communication technology (ICT) brings hope that government can transform their activities through web enabled environment. e-government is the use of ICT to promote more efficient and effective government, facilitate more accessible government services, allow greater public access to information, and make government more accessible to citizens.

e-governance Model

The three main target groups that can be distinguished in e-governance concepts are government, citizens and businesses. The most common interactions in e-governance, G2C, G2B and G2G, are presented schematically in Figure 1. Gartner, an international consultancy firm, has formulated a four-phase e-governance model. This can serve as a reference for governments to position where a project fits in the overall evolution of an e-governance strategy.

According to Gartner, e-governance have the following four phases:

            1.Information                             à         Presence

2.Interaction                             à         Intake processes

3.Transaction                            à         Complete transactions

4.Transformation                       à         Integration & change

In the first phase, e-governance means being present on the web, providing the public (G2C & G2B) with relevant information. The format of the early government web sites is similar to that of a brochure or leaflet. In the second phase, the interaction between government and the public (G2C & G2B) is stimulated with various applications. People can ask questions via e-mail, use search engines, and download forms and documents. With phase three, the complexity of the technology is increasing, but customer (G2C & G2B) value is also higher. Complete transactions can be done without going to an office. Examples of online services are filing income tax, filing property tax, extending/renewal of licenses, visa and passports and online voting. The fourth phase is the when all information systems are integrated and the public can get G2C & G2B services at one (virtual) counter. The model presented can serve as a reference for governments to position where projects fit in the overall evolution of their e-governance implementation.

The model can also support governments in defining an e-governance vision and strategy. A vision is a high-level goal, or ambition level, of government regarding the democracy, government and business aspects of e-governance.

A strategy consists of plans that translate the vision into SMART (simple, measurable, accountable, realistic and time-related) projects

e-Governance Domains

e-Governance does not cover e-commerce and e-business applications that focus solely or mainly on the private sector. There are three main domains of e-governance, shown in Figure 2

• Improving government processes: e-Administration
• Connecting citizens: e-Citizens and e-Services
• Building interactions with and within civil society: e-Society

Improving Processes: e-Administration
e-administration initiatives deal particularly with improving the internal workings of the public sector. It includes

Cutting process costs: improving the input: output ratio by cutting financial costs and time costs. Creating National ID system, that shows all the details of individual person.

Managing process performance: planning, monitoring and controlling the performance of process resources (human, financial and other). Launching Integrated HR and Payroll system for state wise.

Making strategic connections in government: connecting arms, agencies, levels and data stores of government to strengthen capacity to investigate, develop and implement the strategy and policy that guides government processes.

Connecting Citizens: e-Citizens and e-Services
Such initiatives deal particularly with the relationship between government and citizens. It involves

Talking to citizens: providing citizens with details of public sector activities.

Listening to citizens: increasing the input of citizens into public sector decisions and actions.

Improving public services: improving the services delivered to members of the public along dimensions such as quality, convenience and cost.

Building External Interactions: e-Society
Such initiatives deal particularly with the relationship between public agencies and other institutions – other public agencies, private sector service providers, non-profit and community organisations – and with the relationship between civil society institutions. It consists of

Working better with business: improving the interaction between government and business.

Developing communities: building the social and economic capacities and capital of local communities.

Building partnerships: strengthening institutional relationships

Benefits to Government

• Increased employee productivity.

• Facilitation of information reuse across and within the departments of Government.

• Reduced system maintenance and training requirements by adopting standard systems and processes.

• Cost-effectiveness in the operation of Government agencies.

• Improvement in Government-to-Government (G2G) interfaces

Benefits to Citizen and Business

• Electronic delivery of services to meet citizen expectations and requirements
• Convenient, anytime, anywhere citizen services
• Support for e-commerce initiatives ( e.g.  online filing, payment)
• Significant improvement in Government to Citizen (GTC), and Government to Business (G2B) interfaces.
   

Challenges for development

In this section, the challenges of e-governance for developing countries are investigated. Four SWOT-analyses are presented, with a focus on political, social, economic and technological aspects. The following factors have to be taken into account when examining the risk of implementing e-governance solutions.

• Political stability (democracy or dictatorial regime)

• The importance of government identity (fragmentation or integration)

• Economic structure (education, agriculture, industry or service)

• Government structure (centralised or decentralised)

• Constituent demand (push or pull)

Technology associated with e-governance

• Development
        Active server page, Oracle 9.i, VBScript, Web Server, Developer 2000

• Data warehousing, data mining, Geographic information system

• Knowledge management

• Business process re-engineering

• Internet, Intranet and WAN.

• Architecture (Security, Infrastructure and Functional)

• Change management

Conclusion

The e-governance vision differs from country to country, state to state, and regions to region as it should reflect the needs and aspirations of those countries, states and regions. The core project areas are National ID card, e-procurement, HRMS and Revenue earning departments. E-governance improves delivery of messages to the citizens as well as citizens can easily access the data through Internet or Intranet.

References

www.panasia.org.sg/nepalnet/ technology/ ict/e_gov_1.htm
www.the-south-asian.com/oct2001/E-Governance .htm
www.e-gov.gr/programme.htmlJai-Kisan Jai-Hind